Infant mortality refers to the death of a child before their first birthday. It is a critical indicator of the health and well-being of a population, reflecting the quality of healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and public health initiatives in a given region. Factors contributing to infant mortality include preterm birth, low birth weight, birth defects, infections, and lack of access to necessary healthcare services. Research in this area aims to understand the causes of infant mortality, identify risk factors, and develop interventions to reduce the incidence of infant deaths and improve overall maternal and child health outcomes.